1、Griffith做了S.pneumoniae肺炎链球菌转化实验；Avery做了DNA与R菌混一起的实验；Hershey和Chase做了The Hershey-Chase Blender Experiment噬菌体侵染细菌实验
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3、Informational Macromolecule：DNA、RNA and Pr
4、3.4nm/10bp
5、DNA gyrase, a negative supercoils introducer
6、Bidirectional Replication: θ structure of circular chromosome, multiple ori in eukaryotes
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8、细菌核糖体30s+50s；30s里面包括16srRNA；50s里面包括5s和23srRNA
9、操纵子Operon: A DNA fragment transcribed into a single mRNA molecule, may contain more than one gene转录成单个信使核糖核酸分子的DNA片段，可能包含多个基因。
10、原核生物核糖体rRNA的转录是有spacer的（类似于内含子）
11、正超螺旋overwound卷得太紧，负超螺旋Underwound卷得不够
12、Chromosome or plasmid: the presence of essential genes染色体和质粒的区别
13、起始复合体Origin of replication (ori) by DnaA, helicase, SSB proteins, primase, DNA polymerase. Okazaki fragments.
14、复制体replisome: two copies of Pol III, helicase, primase, SSB proteins, Tau, gyrase
15、Prokaryotic 核糖体(70S): 50S (5S, 23S), 30S (16S);
16、Eukaryotic 核糖体(80S): 60S (5S, 5.8S, 28S); 40S (18S)
17、Transcription termination sites are NOT translation stop sites
18、Transcription start sites are NOT translation start sites.
19、Stable RNAs: rRNA and tRNA，mRNA的寿命很短