1、Biofilm
assemblages of bacterial cells enclosed in an adhesive matrix excreted by the cells
细菌细胞的集合，包裹在由细胞分泌的粘性基质中。
Advantages: 1. Self-defense; 2. Stay in a favorable niche; 3. live together; 4. The typical way bacterial cells grow in nature.
Damages: blah, blah, blah管道腐蚀、细菌感染
How to control:先把菌膜破坏
形成过程：attachment、colonization、development
2、The Microbial Growth Cycle：
lag phase延滞期、log phase(Exponential phase)初级代谢最旺盛、stationary phase次级代谢产物最旺盛、death phase
3、两种微生物的培养方法：batch culture分批培养（封闭容器中，如试管或烧瓶）；continous culture恒化培养（常用chemostat）
4、defined media、complex media、selective media、differential media鉴别培养基
5、微生物计数：
（1）microscopic methods：血球计数板染色Direct microscopic counting、流式细胞仪Direct Flow Cytometer Counting；
（2）viable methods：平板涂布法Spread-plate method；混菌法Pour-plate method；梯度稀释Serial dilution and plating
（3）Turbidimetric Methods浊度法：测OD（适用于长得散的）、测干重
6、十倍致死时间Decimal reduction time
7、planktonic growth浮游生长（悬浮着suspension长）
sessile growth固着生长（形成biofilm）
8、batch culture分批培养
9、Chemostat恒化器: most common type of continuous culture device
可以用这种方法筛选出生长速度非常快的菌，也可以这种方法培养生长较慢的菌
10、Dilution rate: rate at which fresh medium is pumped in and spent medium is pumped out
—The growth rate is controlled by dilution rate
– The growth yield (cell number/ml) is controlled by the concentration of the limiting nutrient
– At too high a dilution rate, the organism is washed out
– At too low a dilution rate, the cells may die from starvation
– Increasing concentration of a limiting nutrient results in greater biomass but same growth rate
11、培养基
给微生物生长繁殖的，由不同营养物质组合配制而成的营养基质。
Defined media：成分精确
Complex media：成分天然未知
Selective medium：选择培养基，培养某些菌而抑制另外一些菌的生长
Differential medium：鉴别培养基，鉴别一些特定的生理生化反应的发生
12、The Great Plate Anomaly: direct microscopic counts of natural samples reveal far more organisms than those recoverable on plates直接计数计算出的微生物数量要远多于通过培养法计算得到的微生物数量。
原因：Microscopic methods会比viable methods多计算到死细胞；不同微生物的营养需求不同。
13、Psychrophile嗜冷微生物，Mesophile嗜温微生物，Thermophile嗜热微生物，Hyperthermophile超嗜热微生物
14、aerobic有氧，anaerobic厌氧，facultative兼性厌氧菌，microaerophilic微需氧菌，aerotolerant anaerobe好氧厌氧菌