History
最重要的开端是DNA双螺旋结构的发现
Biophysics
- explain the laws and principles of physics which govern various biological processes
- Biophysics subjects
- Molecular and subcellular biophysics
- Physiological and anatomical biophysics
- Environmental biophysics
- Biophysics techniques and application
- General biophysical techniques
- Imaging biophysics
- Medical biophysics
Molecular and subcellular biophysics (physical biochemistry, biophysical chemistry, biochemical physics)
- membrane physics
- DNA and nucleic acid biophysics
- Energy flow and bioenergetics
- Statistical mechanics
- Kinetics
- Molecular Machines
Physiological and anatomical biophysics
- Biomechanics (subcellular, physiological, and environmental)
- Electrophysiology (nerves, muscle), Sensory electrophysiology
Environmental biophysics
- Heat, Pressure, …
Biophysical Techniques & Applications
- Ultracentrifugation
- Electrophoresis
- Spectroscopy
- Mass Spectrometry
- X-ray
- NMR, 固相和液相
- Electron Microscopy
Study area
- biology and molecular biology
- structural biology
- computational biology
- medicine and neuroscience
- …
Biophysics Questions
- protein fold?
- genes turn on and off?
- biomolecules assemble and interact?
- molecular structure of cell membrane?
- animals respond to sound and smell?
- cell move?
- nervous system work?
Applications
- radiation biophysics
- quantitive biophysics
- paper chromatography
- X-ray crystallography
- Ultrasound sonograhy
- sphygmomanometer
- X-ray images
- Computational Tomography
Discovery of DNA double helix ⇒ Molecular Biophysics
What is biophysics on earth?
The employment of physical instruments in a biological laboratory does not make one a biophysicist.
Rather it is: the study of biological function, organization, and structure by physical and physicochemical ideas and methods.
It is the mindset - the focus on the importance of providing a quantitive, theoretically based, analysis of the problem under study - that is important.
amino acids
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
quaternary structure, Ionic bond / salt bridge
H-bonding在三级、四级结构中都会出现
Protein folding: polypeptide chain ⇒ unique 3D structure / native state
- Protein code, 哪些蛋白中的内在的code促使了它折叠
- Structure prediction, Alphafold
- Folding speed and Mechanism
Anfinsen experiment
- 蛋白质折叠所需的所有信息都在蛋白质的一级序列中。
- 蛋白质天然状态是热力学最稳定状态（thermodynamically most stable structure）
Disulfide isomerase
The Levinthal paradox: the number of possible conformational available to a protein is astronomically large
- folding is not a random but specific pathway
Driving forces of protein folding
- H-Bonding
- Vander Waals interaction
- Electrostatic interaction
- Hydrophobic effect: not a true force, 是熵增的过程
- ionic effect
- …
Protein folding energy landscape